技术分享 | Javaer 如何做单元测试?

前言:

本文适用于javaer,其他开发者或许可以借鉴。

写本文的主旨有两个,一是简单的给大家介绍下单元测试,二是通过一个简单的示例来介绍一些单元测试的技巧,希望以此来降低大家写单元测试的门槛。

1、单元测试的定义


单元测试通常是由软件开发人员编写和运行的自动化测试,以确保应用程序的一部分(称为“单元”)符合其设计并按预期运行。在过程编程中,一个单元可以是一个完整的模块,但更常见的是一个单独的函数或过程。在面向对象编程中,一个单元通常是一个完整的接口,例如一个类,或者一个单独的方法。通过首先为最小的可测试单元编写测试,然后是它们之间的复合行为,可以为复杂的应用程序构建全面的测试。

Unit tests are typically automated tests written and run by software developers to ensure that a section of an application (known as the “unit”) meets its design and behaves as intended. In procedural programming, a unit could be an entire module, but it is more commonly an individual function or procedure. In object-oriented programming, a unit is often an entire interface, such as a class, or an individual method. By writing tests first for the smallest testable units, then the compound behaviors between those, one can build up comprehensive tests for complex applications.

——Wikipedia, Unit testing

简单来说,单元测试是针对一个单元编写测试方法。其中的单元可以是一个很单纯的函数,也可以是一个完整的接口,该接口中可以包含各种其他函数的调用。

2、单元测试用例


该项目的 SpringBoot 版本是 2.2.5.RELEASE。


<parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starters</artifactId>
    <version>2.2.5.RELEASE</version>
</parent>

2-1.项目文件准备

假设有项目文件的目录结构如下:

其中依赖关系为:
java-study-web-provider 依赖 java-study-web-api, java-study-common-provider
java-study-web-api 依赖 java-study-common-api
java-study-common-provider 依赖 java-study-web-api, java-study-common-api

在 java-study-web-api 包中有个rpc 包,其中有两个 rpc 接口,分别是  

WebRpc.class & WebRpc2.class。然而,这两个接口的实现类在 java-study-web-provider 包中。

public interface WebRpc {

    ApiResult<String> get();

    ApiResult<String> get2(String param);
}
public interface WebRpc2 {

    ApiResult<String> get();

    ApiResult<String> get(String param);
}
@Service
public class WebRpcImpl implements WebRpc {

    @Override
    public ApiResult<String> get() {
        return ApiResult.success("get success");
    }

    @Override
    public ApiResult<String> get2(String param) {
        return ApiResult.success(param);
    }
}
@Service
public class WebRpc2Impl implements WebRpc2 {

    @Override
    public ApiResult<String> get() {
        return ApiResult.success("get success");
    }

    @Override
    public ApiResult<String> get(String param) {
        return null;
    }
}

在 java-study-common-provider 包中有个 service 包,其中有两个 service 接口以及对应的实现类,分别是 CommonEntityService.class, CommonEntityService2.class, CommonEntityServiceImpl.class, CommonEntityService2Impl.class,在两个实现类中都有引用 rpc 接口。

public interface CommonEntityService {

    ApiResult<Void> test(CommonEntity commonEntity);
}
public interface CommonEntityService2 {
}
@Service
public class CommonEntityServiceImpl implements CommonEntityService {

    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());

    @Autowired
    private CommonEntityManager commonEntityManager;
    @Autowired
    private WebRpc webRpc;


    @Override
    public ApiResult<Void> test(CommonEntity commonEntity) {
        // webRpc 单元测试时可能为null
        ApiResult<String> getRpc = webRpc.get();
        if (!getRpc.getSuccess()) {
            logger.info("getRpc fail: {}", getRpc);
            return ApiResult.error(getRpc);
        }
        ApiResult<String> getRpc2 = webRpc.get2("test");
        if (!getRpc2.getSuccess()) {
            logger.info("getRpc2 fail: {}", getRpc2);
            return ApiResult.error(getRpc2);
        }
        // 依赖远程方法调用结果
        Optional<String> remoteResultOpt = RmiUtil.getRemoteResult();
        if (!remoteResultOpt.isPresent()) {
            logger.info("getRemoteResult fail");
            return ApiResult.error(BizRespStatusEnum.SYS_ERR);
        }
        // 入库
        int insertNo = commonEntityManager.insert(commonEntity);
        logger.info("insert {} common entity", insertNo);
        return ApiResult.success(null);
    }
}
@Service
public class CommonEntityService2Impl implements CommonEntityService2 {

    @Autowired
    private WebRpc2 webRpc2;
}

2-2.针对 CommonEntityService.class 编写单元测试

先加入 SpringBootTest 依赖。

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
    <scope>test</scope>
    <exclusions>
        <exclusion>
            <groupId>org.junit.vintage</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-vintage-engine</artifactId>
        </exclusion>
    </exclusions>
</dependency>

创建对应的单元测试类。

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = CommonTestApplication.class)
public class CommonEntityServiceTest {

    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());

    @Autowired
    private CommonEntityService commonEntityService;

    @Test
    public void test() {
        ApiResult<Void> testSuccess = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
        Assert.isTrue(testSuccess.getSuccess(), "testSuccess fail");
        logger.info("testSuccess: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testSuccess));
    }
}

当我们去执行单元测试的 test() 方法时,会出现 NoSuchBeanDefinitionException 异常。

Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type 'com.peng.java.study.web.api.rpc.WebRpc2' available: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoMatchingBeanFound(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1695)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1253)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1207)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:640)
        ... 43 more

这是因为我们执行单元测试的这个模块虽然依赖了 java-study-web-api 包,能够调用 rpc 方法,但是没有依赖 java-study-web-provider 包,没办法注入对应的实现类。 有3种方法可以解决这个问题:

I.将该单元测试类挪到 java-study-web-provider 包中,这样就能加载到所有的 bean 了。 这个方法有局限性,每次执行单元测试都需要加载所有模块的文件,大大的降低了单元测试的效率。

II .在注入rpc的注解 @Autowired 上加上 required = false

@Autowired(required = false)
private WebRpc2 webRpc2;

这个方法有局限性,假设每次新增的 service 类都需要注入同一个 rpc 时,那每个 rpc 的注解 @Autowired 都需要使用 required = false,不然就没办法启动单元测试,由此可见是比较麻烦的。

III.使用Mock,在执行单元测试前,将依赖但又没办法获取到实现类的 bean 注入进去。

将mokito包加入项目。

<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.mockito/mockito-inline -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
    <artifactId>mockito-inline</artifactId>
    <version>4.5.1</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.mockito/mockito-core -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
    <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
    <version>4.5.1</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/net.bytebuddy/byte-buddy-agent -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>net.bytebuddy</groupId>
    <artifactId>byte-buddy-agent</artifactId>
    <version>1.12.9</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/net.bytebuddy/byte-buddy -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>net.bytebuddy</groupId>
    <artifactId>byte-buddy</artifactId>
    <version>1.12.8</version>
</dependency>

使用 @MockBean 和 MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this) 可以将依赖的 bean 注入进去。

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = CommonTestApplication.class)
public class CommonEntityServiceTest {

    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());

    @Autowired
    private CommonEntityService commonEntityService;
    @MockBean
    public WebRpc webRpc;
    @MockBean
    public WebRpc2 webRpc2;

    @BeforeEach
    public void before(){
        MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);
    }

    @Test
    public void test() {
        ApiResult<Void> testSuccess = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
        Assert.isTrue(testSuccess.getSuccess(), "testSuccess fail");
        logger.info("testSuccess: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testSuccess));
    }
}

此时再执行 test() 方法,不再出现 NoSuchBeanDefinitionException 异常,但会出现 NullPointerException 异常。这是因为我们虽然注入了 bean,但是这个bean是个空的,因此在 commonEntityService.test 方法中执行 webRpc.get() 时,会报 NullPointerException 异常。 为解决这个问题,我们可以继续使用 mock,Mockito.when(). thenReturn()。

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = CommonTestApplication.class)
public class CommonEntityServiceTest {

    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());

    @Autowired
    private CommonEntityService commonEntityService;
    @MockBean
    public WebRpc webRpc;
    @MockBean
    public WebRpc2 webRpc2;

    @BeforeEach
    public void before(){
        MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);
    }

    @Test
    public void test() {
        Mockito.when(webRpc.get()).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 1"));
        Mockito.when(webRpc.get2("test")).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 2"));
        ApiResult<Void> testSuccess = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
        Assert.isTrue(testSuccess.getSuccess(), "testSuccess fail");
        logger.info("testSuccess: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testSuccess));
    }
}

再次执行 test() 方法,此时执行已经成功了,打印日志如下所示。

2022-05-21 22:23:23.094  INFO 3760 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.i.CommonEntityServiceImpl  : insert 0 common entity
2022-05-21 22:23:23.161  INFO 3760 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.CommonEntityServiceTest    : apiResult: {"code":"200","msg":"调用成功","success":true}

虽然已经成功执行了单元测试,但如果需要 mock 的 bean 很多的话,那不是每个测试类都需要写一遍 mock,很浪费时间啊,因此,我们可以把需要 mock 的 bean 全都放到一个类中进行管理。

@Component
public class CommonMockFactory {

    @BeforeEach
    public void before(){
        MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);
    }

    @MockBean
    public WebRpc webRpc;
    @MockBean
    public WebRpc2 webRpc2;
}

然后在需要单元测试的类中进行注入即可。

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = CommonTestApplication.class)
public class CommonEntityServiceTest {

    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());

    @Autowired
    private CommonEntityService commonEntityService;
    @Autowired
    private CommonMockFactory commonMockFactory;

    @Test
    public void test() {
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get()).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 1"));
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get2("test")).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 2"));
        ApiResult<Void> testSuccess = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
        Assert.isTrue(testSuccess.getSuccess(), "testSuccess fail");
        logger.info("testSuccess: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testSuccess));
    }
}

2-3.提高单元测试覆盖率

使用idea自带的单元测试覆盖率工具可以查看相应的覆盖率。 绿色的条代表已覆盖,红色的条代表未覆盖。

以下是单元测试的覆盖率文档,分别是类覆盖率、方法覆盖率、行覆盖率,从图中可以看出我们的行覆盖率只有64%,还有提升的空间。

如何提升呢?答案就是 mock。 先上改造后的代码。

@ExtendWith(SpringExtension.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = CommonTestApplication.class)
public class CommonEntityServiceTest {

    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());

    @Autowired
    private CommonEntityService commonEntityService;
    @Autowired
    private CommonMockFactory commonMockFactory;

    @Test
    public void test() {
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get()).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 1"));
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get2("test")).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 2"));
        ApiResult<Void> testSuccess = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
        Assert.isTrue(testSuccess.getSuccess(), "testSuccess fail");
        logger.info("testSuccess: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testSuccess));
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithMock() {
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get()).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 1"));
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get2("test")).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 2"));
        ApiResult<Void> testSuccess = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
        Assert.isTrue(testSuccess.getSuccess(), "testSuccess fail");
        logger.info("testSuccess: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testSuccess));

        // 模拟 webRpc.get() 失败
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get()).thenReturn(ApiResult.error(BizRespStatusEnum.ILLEGAL_PARAM));
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get2("test")).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 2"));
        ApiResult<Void> testFail1 = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
        Assert.isTrue(!testFail1.getSuccess(), "testFail1 fail");
        logger.info("testFail1: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testFail1));

        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get()).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 1"));
        // 模拟 webRpc.get2() 失败
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get2("test")).thenReturn(ApiResult.error(BizRespStatusEnum.ILLEGAL_PARAM));
        ApiResult<Void> testFail2 = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
        Assert.isTrue(!testFail2.getSuccess(), "testFail1 fail");
        logger.info("testFail2: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testFail2));

        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get()).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 1"));
        Mockito.when(commonMockFactory.webRpc.get2("test")).thenReturn(ApiResult.success("mock result 2"));
        try (MockedStatic<RmiUtil> rmiUtilMockedStatic = Mockito.mockStatic(RmiUtil.class)) {
            // 模拟 RmiUtil.getRemoteResult() 失败
            rmiUtilMockedStatic.when(RmiUtil::getRemoteResult).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
            ApiResult<Void> testFail3 = commonEntityService.test(new CommonEntity());
            Assert.isTrue(!testFail3.getSuccess(), "testFail3 fail");
            logger.info("testFail3: {}", JSON.toJSONString(testFail3));
        }
    }
}

单元测试的执行结果。

2022-05-21 23:23:46.516  INFO 35136 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.i.CommonEntityServiceImpl  : insert 0 common entity
2022-05-21 23:23:46.589  INFO 35136 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.CommonEntityServiceTest    : testSuccess: {"code":"200","msg":"调用成功","success":true}
2022-05-21 23:23:46.590  INFO 35136 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.i.CommonEntityServiceImpl  : getRpc fail: ApiResult{success=false, code='400', msg='参数异常', result=null}
2022-05-21 23:23:46.590  INFO 35136 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.CommonEntityServiceTest    : testFail1: {"code":"400","msg":"参数异常","success":false}
2022-05-21 23:23:46.591  INFO 35136 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.i.CommonEntityServiceImpl  : getRpc2 fail: ApiResult{success=false, code='400', msg='参数异常', result=null}
2022-05-21 23:23:46.591  INFO 35136 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.CommonEntityServiceTest    : testFail2: {"code":"400","msg":"参数异常","success":false}
2022-05-21 23:23:46.629  INFO 35136 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.i.CommonEntityServiceImpl  : getRemoteResult fail
2022-05-21 23:23:46.629  INFO 35136 --- [           main] c.p.j.s.c.c.s.CommonEntityServiceTest    : testFail3: {"code":"002","msg":"系统异常","success":false}

再来看看改造之后的覆盖率!从下图中可以看出单元测试的行覆盖率达到了100%,惊不惊喜,意不意外!

3.总结


在我们没用 mock 工具时,别说覆盖率了,执行一个单元测试都很麻烦。 使用 mock 工具之后,我们不仅可以很方便的执行单元测试,还能使用各种奇技淫巧来提升行覆盖率,强烈推荐! 写好单元测试一点都不简单,本文只是拿了一个简单的场景来举例,在单元测试的行覆盖率达到100%时,代码量就已经是源码的两倍还多了,害!但是 bug单元测试 总要选一个的,看大家的选择了。

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